Autophagy is central to the interplay between bacterial pathogens and their hosts. The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers the unfolded proteins response (UPR) through PERK, to activate expression of autophagy genes and trigger autophagy which restricts gastric epithelial cell death. On the other hand, the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, downregulates microRNA, miR-17 to facilitate upregulation of the autophagy inhibitor Mcl-1 and inhibition of autophagy. This facilitates bacterial survival in macrophages

Proteins of Giardia lamblia, the protozoal parasite that causes giardiasis, being targeted to different cellular locations. The unique subcellular distribution of different fluorescent labeled proteins has been captured by imaging with a confocal microscope. The subcellular locations shown in the figure included vesicles, flagella, nucleus, lateral crest of ventral disk and the marginal plates associated with the anterior flagella.